AIR POLLUTION FROM RESULTS OF VEHICLES OF VEHICLES

Understanding air pollution is the entry, or mixing of harmful elements into the atmosphere that can lead to environmental damage, disruption to human health and generally reduce the quality of the environment. Air pollution can occur everywhere such as in the home, school, office or commonly referred to as indoor pollution.

Based on research conducted by JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) and Bapendal in 1995 and the ADB study in collaboration with KLH in 2001, motor vehicles contribute more than 70% to air pollution in major cities in Indonesia, especially in cities big.

Efforts to control the pollution of the environment for the air at this time is still sectoral, both legislative and institutional. Legislation in kaitanya in the effort to overcome the contamination of a national nature is the law no. 4 of 1982 on the basic provisions of environmental management. Prior to the issuance of the law, the forms of legislation are sectoral in accordance with the authority of the agency or department in the management of the underlying activities. The form of these regulations in the form of regulations, instructions or ministerial decree or central level or department while for the regional level in the form of regional regulations or decisions of the Governor. Some regulations on pollution control measures such as those applied to:

· The industrial sector

· Mining sector and

· Transportation sector (motor vehicle)

Changes in the air environment are generally caused by air pollution, ie the input of pollutants (in the form of gases and small particles / aerosols) into the air. The entry of pollutants into the air can naturally, such as smoke, forest fires, volcanoes, meteorite dust and salt emissions from the ocean, also largely caused by human activities. For example due to transportation activities (motor vehicles), industrial waste disposal from factories or household waste.

Damage at the time of vehicle combustion can increase air pollution, which can be seen from the high content of hydrocarbon (HC). This may be due to various factors, such as leaks in the vacuum system, ignition systems that do not work properly, damage to the engine control unit, damage to the sensor oxygen,

Vehicle is one of the important transportation factors that will directly affect the number of vehicles in Bandung and the intensity of air pollutant emissions released by motor vehicles to the atmosphere. Currently the motorcycle is no longer just a means of transportation, but also a part of the owner's lifestyle. Based on data from AISI (Motorcycle Industry Association) until the first semester of 2008, sales jumped 44.3% compared to same period in 2007 with accumulative sales volume in first semester 2008 amounted to 3,055,327 units and for 2007 2,116,933 units ducks still dominate the market with the percentage of duck by 68%, skutermatik 22.6% and sport by 9.4%. The picture below shows how many motor vehicles are parked in the parking lot, photos taken at the parking lot UNPAS Jl DR. Setiabudhi No193 Bandung.

在SEPEDAMOTOR上排放废气

在SEPEDAMOTOR上排放废气

在车辆分配系统废气具有两个主要功能，在其他中，首先是从气缸的燃烧气体输送到大气中，而不干扰或危及存在于车辆的乘客和周围的社区，第二个是通过排放到大气中的燃烧气体的润湿造成的声音，作为燃料燃烧的结果所产生的气体具有非常高的压力，当高压气体被传递（排气歧管）并先后与冷空气，然后将气体和冷空气之间的碰撞将导致一个非常响亮爆炸的形式冲击波。


当然这种爆炸的声音如果没有软化，当然会令乘客车辆或车辆周围的人感到不安。空气污染基本上是颗粒形状（粉尘，气溶胶，铅）和气体（CO，NOx，SOx，H2S）。颗粒和气体形式的污染空气会因其大小和化学成分而导致不同的健康水平和类型。该病症主要是诸如肺和血管等器官的功能，或刺激眼睛和皮肤。由尘埃颗粒引起的空气污染通常会导致慢性呼吸道疾病，如慢性支气管炎，肺气肿，支气管哮喘甚至肺癌。特别是随着万隆形状的盆地城市的位置，机动车排气和工厂造成的空气污染将在最低的地区（盆地）沉默。

的排气的形状以这样的方式制成，以避免可能从该机器上存在的每个气缸的排气之间产生，因此，在歧管的形式的主要目的是在排气顺利生成处理的烟道气体分配中断。废气的背压是由机，一个不可避免的现实或大或小的背压取决于几个因素，如形状歧管，排气管和消音器。为了降低背压的影响，那么设计师一直试图寻找出路，所以现在最重要的事情是尝试尽可能减少爆炸的噪音，减少具有非常小的限制排放的废气的流量高于阈值（NAV），这在英语被称为阈限值（TLV）已经确定，自2008年将机动车辆或废气排放量下降废气总督的决定。

因此，随着总督对两轮车辆和四轮车用户的决定可以减少车辆的废气排放。车辆废气排放的法律保护如下：o当地法规（Perda）no。 2006年11施加到和邻机动车的所有者需要melakuakan机动车排放的检查和由车间tertunjuk执行以下调速（调节）在2008年的命令（第64（1）2001年第10号法规）。 o一个机动车辆不符合排放限制的要求按照1992年14法和地方法规的第67条（规定）03 2005条被处罚22（3）和第49条1.2问题的鉴定废气排放通过机动车辆发射里面已经包含了一氧化碳，没有异味，但是如果一氧化碳浓度足够的话，会使尾气排放有毒。不仅仅是一氧化碳，而且还有二氧化碳，当吸入时会使人变得窒息。在2008年之前用125毫升的发动机下制造必须是85分贝（分贝）的新的摩托车排气噪音水平，同时用90个分贝以上的125毫升的噪声电平的发动机的摩托车。然而，摩托车的噪声电平是从2008年生产上述应减少到80分贝（分贝）为下125毫升的机器和85分贝超过125毫升的发动机。

根据到2008年上半年的AISI（摩托车工业协会）的数据，销售额大幅增长44.3％，与2007年相比2008年上半年达3055327台的累计销量同期，并为2007年达2116933台模型鸭仍占主导地位，鸭的比例为68％，skutermatik为22.6％，运动为9.4％（表1.2中的ditinjukan）。印度尼西亚的市场吸引力为2.17亿人，这的确令人瞩目。现在印尼已成为世界摩托车市场第三大国。印尼已顺利通过欧洲，泰国，日本和台湾等国家。印度排名第二，中国位居第一，印度尼西亚排名第三。

GAS EMISSION WASTE ON SEPEDAMOTOR

GAS EMISSION WASTE ON SEPEDAMOTOR

The exhaust gas discharge system in the vehicle has two main functions, among others, first is to distribute the combustion gas from inside the cylinder to the atmosphere without disturbing or endangering the passengers in the vehicle and the surrounding community, the second is the silencer caused by the combustion of the exhaust gas into the atmosphere . The gas generated by fuel combustion has a very high pressure, when this high pressure gas passes through (exhaust manifold) and encounters cold air, the collision between gas and cold air will cause shock waves of a very loud explosion.

The sound of this explosion if not softened of course very disturbing both passenger cars or people who are around the vehicle. Air pollution is essentially particle shape (dust, aerosol, lead) and gas (CO, NOx, SOx, H2S). The polluted air in the form of particles and gases can cause different health levels and types depending on their size and chemical composition. The disorder is primarily the function of organs such as the lungs and blood vessels, or irritating the eyes and skin. Air pollution due to dust particles usually causes chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchial asthma and even lung. Especially with the location of the city of Bandung-shaped basin, air pollution caused by motor vehicle exhaust and from the factories will be silent on the lowest area (basin).

The shape of the exhaust is made in such a way as to avoid any disruption that may arise between the exhaust process of each of the cylinders in the engine, thus the main object in the manifold shape is to produce the process of exhaust gas discharging on the exhaust smoothly. The back pressure of the flue gas is an inevitable fact by the machine, the magnitude or the small back pressure depends on several factors such as the manifold shape, the exhaust pipes and the silencers. To reduce the back pressure effect, the designer has tried to find a way out, so now the most important thing is to try to reduce the explosion noise as much as possible and reduce emissions with minimal restrictions on exhaust flows not above the threshold value (NAB) the English language is known as the threshold limit value (TLV) that has been determined, because the year 2008 will decrease the Governor's decision on exhaust from vehicles or exhaust emissions.

So with the decision of the Governor of the users of both the two-wheeled vehicles and four wheels can reduce exhaust emissions from vehicles. Legal protection of vehicle exhaust emissions is as follows: o Local regulation (Perda) no. Law No. 11 of 2006 shall be enacted and following the mandate of the Governor (Pergub) of 2008. o Owners of motor vehicles shall conduct inspections of vehicle emissions and shall be carried out by designated workshops (Law 64 (1) Perda No.10 Year 2001). o Motor vehicles that do not meet the requirements of emission limits are subject to sanctions in accordance with article 67 of Law No.14 of 1992 and regional regulations (Perda) 03 of 2005 Article 22 (3) and Article 49. 1.2 Problem Identification Emission of exhaust gases issued by motor vehicles in it already includes carbon monoxide that does not smell, but if carbon monoxide is in sufficient concentration, it will make the exhaust emissions toxic. Not only carbon monoxide alone, but there is also carbon dioxide that will make humans become suffocated when sucked. New motorcycle exhaust noise levels produced before 2008 with engines below 125 cc should be 85 dBA (decibels), while motorcycles with engines above 125 cc noise levels of 90 decibels. However, the noise levels of motorcycles produced from 2008 upwards should be reduced to 80 dBA (decibels) for engines under 125 cc and 85 dBA for engines above 125 cc.

Based on data from AISI (Motorcycle Industry Association) until the first semester of 2008, sales jumped 44.3% compared to same period in 2007 with accumulative sales volume in first semester 2008 amounted to 3,055,327 units and for 2007 2,116,933 units ducks still dominate the market with the percentage of duck by 68%, skutermatik 22.6% and sport by 9.4% (ditinjukan in table 1.2). Indonesia's market absorption with a population of 217 million is indeed remarkable. Now Indonesia has become the third largest country in the world motorcycle market. Indonesia has successfully passed the countries of Europe, Thailand, Japan, and Taiwan. It made Indonesia third after India ranked second and China in first place.

ANALYSIS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF LEARNING MODEL

A. Concepts

1. Learning is the process of interaction between learners, between learners and educators, and between participants and other learning resources in an educational environment that takes place educatively, so that learners can build attitudes, knowledge and skills to achieve the goals set.Proses learning is a process that contains a series of activities ranging from planning, implementation to assessment.

2. Learning model is a conceptual framework used as a guide in conducting learning systematically arranged to achieve learning objectives related to syntax, social systems, reaction principles and support systems (Joice & Wells). Meanwhile, according to "Arends in Trianto", said "learning model is a plan or a pattern used as a guide in planning learning in the classroom.

B. Description

1. Learning principles include: (1) learners are facilitated to find out, (2) learners learn from various learning sources, (3) learning process using scientific approach, (4) competency-based learning, (5) integrated learning , (6) learning that emphasizes divergent answers that have multi-dimensional truths, (7) aplicative skill-based learning, (8) improvement of balance, continuity, and linkage between hard-skills and soft-skills; (9) and empowering learners as lifelong learners, (10) learning that applies values ​​by giving emulation (ing ngarso sung tulodo), building willingness (ingmadyo mangun karso), and developing the creativity of the participants in the learning process (tut wuri handayani), (11) ) learning taking place at home, at school, and in the community, (12) utilization of information and communication technology to increase (13) recognition of individual differences and the cultural background of learners, and (14) the learning atmosphere is fun and challenging.

2. Learning model refers to the learning approaches to be used, including instructional objectives, stages in learning activities, learning environments, and classroom management.

3. The purpose of the use of learning model as a strategy of how the learning can help students develop themselves in the form of information, ideas, value skills and ways of thinking in improving the capacity to think clearly, wisely and build social skills and commitment (Joice & Wells) .

4. Learning model has four special characteristics, namely:

a. The logical theoretical rationale composed by the creators or developers. The learning model has a reasonable thinking theory. That is, the creators or developers make the theory by considering the theory with the real fact and not fictitious in creating and mengembangankannya.

b. The foundation of thinking about what and how students learn (the learning objectives to be achieved). The learning model has clear goals on what to achieve, including what and how students learn well and how to solve a learning problem.

c. Teaching behavior is necessary for the model to be successfully implemented. The learning model has the necessary teaching behavior so that what has been the goal of teaching so far can be successful in its implementation.

d. The learning environment needed for the learning objectives can be achieved. Learning model has a conducive learning environment and comfortable, so that learning atmosphere can be one of the supporting aspects of what has been the goal of learning. (Trianto, 2010).

5. Choosing or determining the model of learning is strongly influenced by the characteristics of Basic Competence (KD), the objectives to be achieved in teaching, the nature of the material to be taught, and the level of ability of learners. In addition, each learning model has stages (syntax) that students can do with teacher guidance.

6. Implementation of learning with scientific thinking process (scientific) as applied to the curriculum 2013, should be synchronized with the steps / stages of work (syntax) learning model.

The 2013 curriculum uses 3 (three) main learning models (Permendikbud No. 103 of 2014) which are expected to shape scientific behavior, social behavior and develop curiosity. The three models are: Problem Based Learning model, Project Based Learning model, and Discovery / Inquiry Learning model of Learning. Discs

STANDARD EDUCATION

As stipulated in Government Regulation Number 19 Year 2005 on National Education Standards, each school / madrasah develops Education Unit Level Curriculum based on Graduate Competency Standards (SCL) and Content Standards (SI).

KTSP is prepared by referring to the integrated Curriculum 2013 implementation guidelines in curriculum implementation training materials as well as taking into account the relevant Ministerial Regulations and Culture published in 2013 and the basis of their implementation.

In addition to paying attention to the character of the implementation of the curriculum 2013, schools consider all the resources that schools have to realize the benefits of school by referring to the national education stadar. The main axis of consideration is how to formulate the quality of graduates that schools expect that are proportionate in the form of graduate quality indicators as a basis for the development of other standards.

Education Unit Level Curriculum (KTSP) is composed of cooperation from various parties. The Principal would like to thank all parties involved both directly and indirectly in the preparation of this KTSP, and we especially express our appreciation and gratitude to the education unit level curriculum development team that has struggled so that we can complete the documents at the required time.

MAIN DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS HEADMASTER

MAIN DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS HEADMASTER


1. Principal as Educator

a. Guiding teachers in terms of developing and implementing teaching programs, evaluating learning outcomes and implementing teaching and remedial programs.
b. Guiding employees in terms of arranging work programs and performing daily tasks.
c. Guiding students in extra-curricular activities, OSIS and following out-of-school competition.
d. Developing staff through education / training, through meetings, seminars and discussions, providing reading materials, taking note of promotions, proposing promotions through selection of future Principals.
e. Following the development of science and technology through education / training, meetings, seminars, discussions and materials.

2. Principal as Manager (Manager)

a. Managing the administration of learning activities and counseling guidance by having complete data administration teaching and learning activities and completeness of counseling guidance administration.
b. Managing student administration by having complete student administration data and extra curricular activities.
c. Manage the administration of personnel by having administrative data of teachers and Administration.
d. Manage financial administration Routine, BOS, and Committee.
e. Managing the administration of facilities / infrastructure either building administration / space, furniture, laboratory equipment, library.


3. Principal as Administrative Manager (Administrator)

a. Develop work programs, both short term, medium and long term.
b. Arrange the organization of school work both Wakasek, Principal Assistant, Walikelas, Kasubag Administration, Treasurer, and Supporting Personnel such as library builder, scout, OSIS, Sports. Personnel of temporary activities, such as Examination Committee, commemorative commemorative national or religious commemoration and so on.
c. Mobilize staff / teachers / employees by providing direction and coordinating the implementation of tasks.
d. Optimizing human resources optimally, utilizing facilities / infrastructure optimally and maintaining school infrastructure.

4. Principal as Supervisor (Supervisor)

a. Developing classroom supervision, monitoring and evaluation programs.
b. Implement supervision program.
c. Utilize the results of supervision to improve the performance of teachers / employees and for school development.

5. Principal as Leader (Leader)

a. Having a strong, honest, confident, responsible, brave and risky personality.
b. Understand the condition of teachers, employees and students.
c. Have a vision and understand the mission of the school carried.
d. Able to take decisions both internal and external affairs.
e. Able to communicate well orally or in writing.

6. Principal as a reformer (Innovator)

a. Be able to search, find and adopt new ideas from others.
b. Able to update in teaching and learning activities and guidance counseling, procurement and guidance of teachers and employees, extra curricular activities and able to update in digging human resources in the Committee and the community.

7. Principal as a Driver (Motivator)

a. Able to set up work environment.
b. Able to manage the implementation of an adequate working atmosphere.
c. Able to apply the principles of rewarding and punishment sanctions in accordance with applicable rules.

MAIN DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS
VICE PRINCIPAL

Assist and be responsible to the Principal in:

1. Arranging planning, making program activities and implementation programs
2. Organizing
3. Briefing
4. Energy
5. Coordination
6. Supervision
7. Assessment
8. Identification and data collection
9. Representing Headmaster for attending meetings especially related to education issues
10. Make a report periodically

MAIN DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS
CURRICULUM MAIL

Assist and be responsible to the Principal in:

1. Develop a teaching program
2. Prepare and describe the educational calendar
3. Prepare the division of teacher tasks and lesson schedules
4. Develop a schedule of evaluation of learning and the implementation of the final exam
5. Apply the criteria for class increase and graduate requirements
6. Schedule acceptance report cards and STTB
7. Coordinate, arrange and direct the preparation of the completeness of teaching
8. Organize the implementation of improvement programs and enrichment
9. Set up the MGMP / MGBP development and subject coordinator
10. Conducting supervision of academic administration
11. Do archiving curriculum programs
12. Preparation of reports on a regular basis

doing 3 stages for held an event adventure trail

doing 3 stages for
held an event adventure trail


held an event adventur trail
not free to pack the event
good lanes, gifts and entertainment

stages to be prepared
by the committee needed
three stages .....

before discussing it
preview the following video

vedeo trail adventure

the video is

event activities from the author
followed by 1600 participants
by doing 3 stages
which will be explained

regards .... gass polll ......

before doing the three stages
create an agenda of activities
of the three stages

Stages include

1. preparation

preparing ATK for activities
along with licenses for trabas
very important as it concerns
implementation of activities

from the authorities
including local government
police, IMI West Java

next determine the event schedule
the success of the event is determined
by specifying the day of activity

look for a calendar holiday
both national holidays
or joint leave

not less important that is
committee of trabas event publication

both media publications
print, electronic
as well as individuals

it is very important
remember it will not succeed
trabas event without any publication

2. event implementation

successful trabas event is needed
solid teamwork

it takes a committee who understand
with trabas event

we understand first language
trabas means
lovers of trail bikes
by using extreme path

the committee in need
on the implementation event

it takes 70 committees
both the registration committee
as well as the committee on the track

3. sweep team

not mean after the event
have to broom ...... heee

sweeper team on duty
checking the participants
which is still on track

due to the official event
there are special standards
for distance traveled

so there is a possibility
participants there are trabel